Ever since Tennis for two in 1958, games designed for two or more players have been fairly common. Many games claim to be co-op, but merely offer an experience where only one player is needed to beat the game, while the other can simply “tag along.” In these games, the second player is effectively rendered superfluous and begs the question: How can we design true co-op games to avoid this “tagalong trap?”
In this blog we’re going to look at cooperative games, and identify components that make them “true co-op games” where both players perform active and meaningful roles, as well as cite examples of how we implemented these components when designing Shadow Puppeteer.
Cooperative games challenge players to work together: To succeed or fail as a team as they strive to reach a common goal. In these games, players can have identical or differing abilities. As such, we will not be covering competitive or adversarial multiplayer titles like Street Fighter or Mario Kart.
The first recorded co-op game was Fire Truck [1978]. Fire Truck challenged one player to steer the front of a fire truck while the other maneuvered the rear. Examples of more recent co-op games include Monaco: What’s Yours is Mine and Portal 2.
But not all co-op games are created equal. Some co-ops are engaging, giving both players a sense of purpose, while others can cause frustration or apathy due to an imbalance in the distribution of skills to each player. So, what makes a good co-op experience? This was the central question Sarepta studio asked ourselves as we began development on Shadow Puppeteer. And to answer it, we examined co-op games throughout history to identify what makes a good co-op game deliver an unforgettable and unique experience.
Our analysis and internal discussions resulted in the identification of three components that we believe define what we call “true co-op games.”
1. Relies on two or more players
Many co-op games offer players two ways to play the same version of the game: one that you can play by yourself, and another that you can play with another player. But unless all players are integral to the completion of the game, there can be limited incentive to cooperate.
For example, Little Big Planet has sections that you can only access and complete if you have the minimum required number of players. By comparison, the NES title Chip ‘n Dale Rescue Rangers can be played in both single player and co-op. In this example, the addition of another player makes the game become easier, making it more accessible to less skilled players.
2. Each Player has different roles/skills
Very often in co-op games, the two characters have identical roles or skills. This can result in players dividing tasks throughout the game between them to increase efficiency. This can also, and most often does, result in one character performing all major actions, while the second simply “tags along.”
A good example, of how different player skills can create an engaging co-op experience, is Trine 2. Players control three characters with different abilities: The wizard can cast spells that move or create objects, the thief can use a grapple or a bow and arrows, while the knight has superior fighting abilities and strength. Conversely, in Halo 3: ODST both players play an Orbital Drop Shock Trooper, and although they can choose to equip different weapons, each player’s’ skills and abilities are identical.
3. Each player has equal importance/ tasks to perform
A good co-op game should engage all players equally, i.e., avoid having one feel like a “sidekick.” Whether players have different or similar skills and abilities, it’s important that they both feel like active, contributing members.
In Ibb & Obb both characters are presented as equals. The two can either move in the world above the ground with regular gravity, or use portals to walk upside down in the world below. They have similar skills and abilities, but some portals can only be used by specific characters. This ensures that both players take on an active role where they contribute. Both the path above and below offers challenges, and the players take turns having to perform important tasks in order for both to progress. The valorant cheats and other codes can be availed by a gamer to explore their favorite game a lot more.
Another example of this is Paul & Percy. Unlike Ibb & Obb this game utilizes a switch mechanic between the two characters, which enables single player. Paul & Percy have the same abilities, but the characters are consistently separated on either side of screen. This means that the characters are always taking turns to move objects around their side to enable both to progress, creating a natural flow of “back and forth” gameplay.
Making Shadow Puppeteer a “true co-op” game
After having examined co-op titles and assessed the properties of what made them fun and memorable, we turned to our own game, Shadow Puppeteer. How could we take the new knowledge we had acquired and apply it to the development of this game? Within the context of our concept, how could we ensure that we created a compelling experience dependent upon both character’s unique skills and participation?
At the very core of Shadow Puppeteer lay the premise of a boy and his shadow, and the exploration of the idea of ‘what would happen if our shadow came alive’. How would the Boy and Shadow differ in how you played them? What similarities would they have, if any?
With our initial premise we were creating a situation that in itself made it necessary to have both players contribute in an active manner, by separating the two players in different “dimensions.” On character, the Boy, could operate in 3D space, while the other character, the Shadow, could exist in the 2D. And with this, we could create an internal logic in the game that communicated well to the players the unique value of each character, making it easy to understand why certain actions and places were accessible to one character and not the other.
Since Shadow Puppeteer would mix platforming and puzzle solving we decided that the characters would have certain similar abilities to perform core gameplay actions. They can both walk, run and jump. This also fits the narrative of the characters since both have the same origin (connected as human and shadow). They also have common basic interaction skills: such as moving crates, pulling levers or carrying lids. The difference is that the Boy interacts with objects in the “real” world, whereas the Shadow interacts with the shadow of those objects. Doing this gave us the opportunity to make puzzles where part of the solution was figuring out who needed to interact with what. For example, having one object’s shadow cast within another shadow, makes it inaccessible to the Shadow character. Similarly, placing objects in the background or foreground can bring it into or out of the Boy’s reach.
In addition to sharing core gameplay abilities, the characters have unique skills. We altered the Shadow’s gravitational pull to make him drawn to the closest, strongest light source. This would enable the Shadow to reach new places within levels. This could have been a mechanic that made the Shadow significantly more active than the Boy, but instead it balanced the two characters out: The Boy already had an additional platforming element by being able to move in the third dimension. Source change would be the Shadow’s response to that. The characters also have a skill dependent upon another: The Boy can create different shadow tools with his lantern, that the Shadow can pick up and use. Making this mechanic of creating and using shadow tools a joint effort makes players communicate and work closer together.
Balancing action and importance
Each character had to be equally important with the same amount of tasks to do. This was implemented with the two other central co-op components through the game’s level design. As an example: let’s look at an early level called “Home.”
The players have witnessed the Shadow Puppeteer stealing all the other shadows. They have been introduced to core gameplay mechanics: moving, jumping and activating interactive objects. Here, the players start off meeting the Puppeteer, who becomes unexpectedly diminished as the handle of his musical instrument breaks, leaving him without his weapon. The Puppeteer runs and the players are faced with their first true co-op challenge.
The Boy can progress through the first section of the level by climbing a ladder. However, the ladder only exists in the 3D world, which is unaccessible to the Shadow, blocking his advance. The differences in the characters’ abilities creates a situation where they must consider how to use each other’s situational strengths to compensate for each other’s weaknesses. To help the Shadow progress, the Boy must pull a crate from the shadows into the light in order to create a platform for the Shadow cast by the crate.
But at the next stage the shoe is on the other foot. A tree branch in the foreground is casting a shadow, creating a platform to the next landing. The Shadow can easily use the branch’s shadow to advance. But, the Boy can’t jump on a thin branch in the foreground then jump to the landing in the background. The Shadow must jump up, push the shadow of the crate, so the actual crate falls to create a platform for the Boy. The “first one, then the other” nature of this play creates a dynamic that emphasizes the importance and dependency of both players and balances the amount they have to do so their involvement feels equal.
The lesson…
Creating an engaging co-op experience comes down to carefully understanding the roles the characters play, and balancing their involvement throughout the experience. It is an iterative process, where you’re constantly assessing whether you’re achieving your goals with the current mechanics and level design. Remember, a co-op game is nothing without players, so it’s important to test often and make sure each player is feeling engaged.
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Zhang Heling은 몸을 떨며 Zhang Yanling을 바라 보았습니다.
프라그마틱 슬롯 무료
그들은 내 백성을 죽였는데도 내가 그들과 거래하기를 원합니까?
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Zhu Zaimo는 잠시 생각하고 “아버지의 가르침을 따르고 싶습니다. “라고 말했습니다.
무료 슬롯 사이트
이때 드디어 시양상사의 간판이 끊겼다.
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“잠깐만요.” Ma Wensheng이 손을 흔들며 “논의하고 토론하자”고 말했다.
온라인 슬롯
Hongzhi 황제는 심호흡을했습니다. “이 Fang Jifan은 정말 뛰어난 재능을 가진 사람입니다.”
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이대로 가면 Hu Kaishan에 의해 가난해질 것입니다.
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Fang Jifan은 또한 The Wealth of Nations를 읽고 지금은 매일 금융과 경제에 관심을 기울이는 사람입니다.
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그는 군중 사이에서 조용한 왕부시를 가리켰다.
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결국, 이 체스 선수는 그의 아버지… 또는 삼촌입니다.
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“아니, 아니, 악당… 악당은 아직 중요한 일이 있어서…”
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이 세상에서 아버지보다 강한 사람은 없습니다.
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그러나 이런 종류의 천문 지리학자에게는 너무 차갑지 않은 사람들이 있습니다.
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Liu Jie가 말했듯이 그는 타고 쏘고 검술을 할 수 있으며 천문학과 지리학을 공부했습니다.
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Hongzhi 황제는 “할 말이있는 것 같습니다. “라고 말했습니다.
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Hongzhi 황제는 만족해야할지 몰랐습니다.
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Xiao Jing은 놀란 얼굴로 멍청한 Ouyang Zhi를 바라 보았습니다.
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하지만 Fang Jifan의 예측은 너무 정확해서 너무 괴물 같았습니다.
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사실… Chen Xin은 물건을 사고 파는 방법을 누구보다 잘합니다.
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Hongzhi 황제는 큰 관심을 가지고 말했습니다. “어떤 종류의 교과서, 한 번 봐주세요.”
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Fang Jifan은 예의 바르지 않고 직접 앞으로 나아갔습니다. “나는 Dowager 황후의 가르침을 듣겠습니다.”
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“네, 태후님.” 주희룡은 여전히 그녀에게 무언가를 기대하는 듯 뒷모습을 남겼다.
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경제학에서이 사람은 종파의 창시자에 속하며 그의 수준은 완벽합니다.
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Fang Jifan은 “며칠 전에 아들이 혼란스러워했습니다. “라고 상심했습니다.
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그 이면에 대변되는 것은 궁궐의 태도인데, 그 태도는 사람들이 원하는 바를 충분히 파악하고 있다.
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Hongzhi 황제는 그를 노려 보았다. “한 달 안에 규정을 작성합시다.”
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멘토가 나를 싫어하고 며칠 더 그를 섬기고 싶지 않은 것은 아닐까요?
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이 사람은 황실에서 새로 임명된 대법도사 이차원이다.
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내시 류정(劉正)이 급히 와서 절하며 “폐하…”
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이정은 옅은 미소를 지으며 “기념관을 만들겠다”고 말했다.
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Zhou Yi는 약간 긴장을 풀었습니다. “군인이 아니라 고인이 된 아버지는 광부였습니다.”
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“폐하, 탕인이 그렇다고 하셨으니 당연히 그렇게 하셨습니다. 제 아들이 항해를 담당했습니다…”
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“맙소사… 우리는 살아남았다.” 중관왕보였다.
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이 말을 들은 Zhu Xiurong은 유쾌하게 놀라며 목소리를 낮추었습니다. “정말로… 아버지는 건강하십니다.”Zhu Xiurong은 요즘 태어날 아이를 위해 스웨터를 뜨개질하고 있습니다.
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그의 눈에는 안개와 물이 있었고 약간의 감정이 있었습니다.
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그는 단락 된 기계 같았고 갑자기 그의 마음이 약간 혼란스러워졌습니다.
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Liu Jian은 어렴풋이 이해하려고 노력하면서 주의 깊게 들었습니다.
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“젊은 스승님, 젊은 스승님…스승님…스승님…북경으로 돌아가십시오!”
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하지만 셀 수 없이 많은 폭죽 소리를 들으면서 많은 사람들의 눈시울이 조금 붉어졌습니다.
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Hongzhi 황제는 Cochin에 대한 여러 가지 은총, 임시 세금 감면 및 면제를 발표했습니다.
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그러나 이때 한 내시가 말했다. “폐하, 팡 선장이 여기 있습니다.”
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37개의 객실이 있으며 모두 가격이 가장 높고 위치가 가장 높습니다.
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이날 왕부시는 비번을 마치고 100에이커 대저택으로 돌아왔다!
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Tang Yin, Wang Shouren 및 Xu Jing은 오늘만 들었습니다.
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오랫동안 침묵을 지켰던 홍지황제는 “괜찮다”고 한숨만 쉬었다.
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국방부에서 파견한 원정 함대가 전멸했는데, 이제 어떻게 해야 할까요?
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Fang Jifan은 “하지만 폐하가 알면 화를 낼 것입니다. “라고 말했습니다.
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무슨 상관이야, 이제 왕 씨는 수십만 냥의 순자산을 가지고 있습니다 …
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그가 말한 것만큼 정말 끔찍하다면 두 사람이 살아남은 것은 정말 행운입니다.
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그는 망설이지 않고 전속력으로 궁궐로 달려갔다.
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Fang Jifan은 눈을 가늘게 뜨고 깊이 생각하는 것을 도울 수 없었습니다 … 우연의 일치입니까?
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Fang Jifan은 고개를 저었다.
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Zhu Houzhao는 가마가 떠내려가는 것을 지켜보며 실망했습니다.
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서둘러, 젊은 주인과 Wen 씨는 술을 마시며 즐거운 시간을 보내고 있습니다.
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Zhu Houzhao는 “Fang Jifan, 나는 당신을 형제처럼 대하고 당신은 당신의 등 뒤에서 나를 죽이고 있습니다. “라고 외쳤습니다.
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물론 장황후는 그녀의 생명을 구해준 것에 대해 감사하기 위해 그녀와 너무 가까웠습니다.
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홍지황제는 안도의 한숨을 내쉬었지만 마음은 조금 우울했다.
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잇따른 끔찍한 소식이 무언가를 암시하는 것 같습니다.
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Zhu Houzhao는 머리를 긁적이며 쓰라린 미소를 지을 수 없었습니다. “그럼 내가 졌으니 …”
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Hongzhi 황제는 들었지만 울어야할지 웃어야할지 몰랐습니다.
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Fang Jifan은 Hongzhi 황제의 혼란을 알고 있었기 때문에 진지하게 설명했습니다.
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궁전 밖의 사람 Fang Jifan은 실제로 Zheng Qiu를 알아보나요?
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Wang Zuo는 Fang Jifan에게 부끄러운 사람이라고 꾸짖고 심장이 뛰고 얼굴이 빨개졌습니다.
pactam2.com
이것을 생각하면서 Qiu Jing은 그녀가 제자리에서 폭발 할 것이라고 느꼈습니다.
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“그럼… 이 업적이 산악 캠프에서 이뤄졌다는 사실을 알고 계십니까?”
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“기꺼이.” Zhu Zaimo는 즉시 창보다 똑바로 서서 화를 내며 포효했습니다.
chutneyb.com
Liu Jian과 다른 사람들도 깜짝 놀랐고 상상조차 할 수 없었습니다.
apksuccess.com
함대가 Quanzhou를 힘차게 통과했습니다.
mojmelimajmuea.com
Abu Hua는 “그것은 Great Khan을 대표하며 두 나라가 군대를 막고 서로 무역하기 위해 싸우기 위해 이곳에 왔습니다.”라고 말했습니다.
apksuccess.com
“나에 대해 걱정하는 것이 무엇입니까?” Fang Jifan은 “나와 관련이 있습니까? “라고 당황했습니다.
l-inkproject.com
Fang Jifan은 유죄 인 척했지만 침묵을 지켰습니다.
raytalktech.com
Liu Zhengjing은 천국에서 지옥으로 떨어지는 느낌을 받았습니다.
manzanaresstereo.com
요즘 그는 항상 비틀거리고 기침을 한다.
raytalktech.com
Liu Jian은 약간 웃으며 “당신과 노인이 내각에 오는 것이 무슨 문제입니까? “라고 말했습니다.Liu Jian은 미소를 지으며 말했습니다. “폐하가 말한 것은 장관이 폐하보다 훨씬 열등하다는 것입니다.”
ttbslot.com
이 기쁜 소식의 무게는 누구보다 잘 알고 있다.
twichclip.com
“알았어.” Zhu Houzhao는 행복하게 고개를 끄덕이며 진심으로 동의했습니다.
ttbslot.com
그는 이제 매우 자유롭습니다. 결국 판매자는 향을 피우고 23 시간 동안 휴식을 취합니다.
jelenakaludjerovic.com
법령이 방금 전달되었고 누군가 방문했습니다.
parrotsav.com
King Ning은 수도의 고위 인사들과 친구를 사귀기 위해 많은 노력을 기울였습니다.
ttbslot.com
Wang Shouren은 한동안 아무 말도하지 않고 신음하며 문제의 어려움을 저울질하는 것처럼 매우 침착했습니다.
ttbslot.com
그는 Liu Jian과 다른 사람들의 눈을 보았고 모두 그를 보았습니다.
qiyezp.com
Fang Jifan의 얼굴은 즉시 붉어졌고 부끄럽고 부끄럽습니다.
thephotoretouch.com
이 순간 그는 어지러움을 느꼈고 이마를 쓰다듬고 얼굴이 창백했습니다. 끝났습니다!
qiyezp.com
마빈이 고개를 들었고 많은 목사들이 시무룩해했다.
sandyterrace.com
한동안 대명에 머문 후 그의 중국어는 더욱 표준어가 되었다.
etsyweddingteam.com
非常に有意義な内容でした。また読みたいと思います。
mikaspa.com
Fang Jifan은 “재난 피해자 중 일부를 다른 곳으로 옮기는 것이 좋습니다.”라고 말했습니다.
thephotoretouch.com
Hongzhi 황제는 “나는 하늘의 아들이므로 불쌍하게 울고 무시할 수 있습니까? “라고 무관심하게 말했습니다.
tintucnamdinh24h.com
그러나 결국 남편의 가족은 여전히 사람을 구하기로 결심하고 발을 밟았습니다.
bmipas.com
素晴らしい洞察力で、非常に教育的な内容でした。
qiyezp.com
Fang Jifan은 주위를 둘러 보았지만 모든 관리들이 조용하고 이상하게 보였습니다.
onair2tv.com
하지만.. 습관적으로 찌르고, 여전히 쉴 틈이 없다.
sandyterrace.com
“이 Xishan의 괴물은 Captain Fang이라고 생각합니다.”
tintucnamdinh24h.com
Hongzhi 황제는 마음이 가라 앉았고 기념비를 집어 들었지만 한 번 본 후에 그는 침묵했습니다.
sandyterrace.com
Hongzhi 황제는 길을 따라 많은 밭, 풍작의 장면을 보았습니다.
sandyterrace.com
마지 못해 그는 몹시 소리 쳤습니다. “Zeng Guan 폐하가 Zhan Shifu를 관리로 숭배했습니다. 전하 …”
bmipas.com
この記事の情報はとても役に立ちます。大変感謝しています。
sandyterrace.com
그는 황제의 사위이기 때문에 그가 무엇을 하든 죽지 않을 것입니다.
fpparisshop.com
素晴らしい記事。非常に興味深く、有益でした。
qiyezp.com
무관심한 모습에 왕부시는 고개를 저을 수밖에 없었다.
sandyterrace.com
그들은 모두 Taizu Gao 황제의 후손입니다. 당신은 왜 그렇게 화를 내고 사교적이지 않습니까?
qiyezp.com
Liu Jian이 오늘 평정을 잃은 것을 볼 수 있습니다. Hongzhi 황제는 “무슨 일이야?”
zanetvize.com
아들이 자라면 자신의 감정을 이해할 수 있습니다.
bmipas.com
読後感が良い。心から感動しました。
lacolinaecuador.com
두 달이 넘는 훈련 끝에 장평 가드 전체가 이전의 느슨함에서 달라졌다.
tvlore.com
지금 막 웃고 있던 사람의 미소가 순식간에 얼어붙었다.
k8 カジノ リベート
素晴らしい情報を共有してくれて、本当にありがとうございます。
k8 カジノ 出金
この記事は私の考え方を変えるのに役立ちました。感謝しています。
thewiin.com
이때 따뜻한 정자에서 Hongzhi 황제는 불안해 보였습니다.
k8 カジノ エア ドロップ コード
非常に興味深い記事でした。新たな知識をありがとう。
mikaspa.com
Deng Jian은 “젊은 마스터, 젊은 마스터, 뭐하고 있니? “라고 흥분했습니다.
game1kb.com
이 폭발성 폭탄의 힘은 Francobots의 형성에 약간의 혼란을 야기했습니다.